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Biomarker is a characteristic that is objectively measured and evaluated as an indicator of normal biological processes, pathogenic processes, or pharmacological responses to a therapeutic intervention
A biomarker of aging would be useful for determining if drugs or other interventions intended to slow aging are effective.
Levels of CRP, between 3 and 10 mg/dl are related to the development of cardiovascular disease and cardiac events, including heart attack and stroke.
IL-6 levels also rise with advancing age and are related to a variety of chronic conditions. The dysregulation of IL-6 may be a contributing factor to many of the diseases of aging.
Chronic conditions associated with high IL-6 include osteoporosis, arthritis, type-2 diabetes, certain cancers, and Alzheimer’s disease (AD). High levels of IL-6 are also related to cardiovascular disease, heart attack, and stroke
Fibrinogen, is a protein produced by the liver. Fibrinogen helps stop bleeding by promoting the formation of blood clots. Fibrinogen has been shown to be strongly predictive of both mortality and the onset of cardiovascular disease.
Albumin is a protein that transports small molecules in the blood and is important in maintaining oncotic pressure in the blood. Low albumin may be related to malnutrition or a low-protein diet and liver or kidney disease. Low albumin levels can also be related to inflammation. For this reason, albumin is sometime s included in indices of inflammation. Low levels of albumin have been related to heart attack, stroke, functioning loss, and death among older persons.
Cortisol is a steroid hormone produced by the adrenal cortex in response to internal or extern al stress. Cortisol levels have been shown to be greater among individuals experiencing chronic stress from work or emotional strain. Health consequences of exposure to elevated cortisol include increased cardiovascular risk, poorer cognitive functioning, and increased risks for fractures.
Cholesterol has several functions including keeping cell membranes intact and helping the synthesis of steroid hormone and bile acids.
components of total cholesterol are generally measured to determine risk for heart disease: low-density lipoprotein (LDL), high-density lipoprotein (HDL), and very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL). Generally, a high level of LDL cholesterol has been shown to contribute to the development of coronary atherosclerosis and to increased risk of mortality and heart disease
Creatinine is a chemical waste molecule generated from muscle metabolism. It is transported through the bloodstream, filtered in the kidneys, and excreted in the urine. It provides information on kidney function.
Reduced glomerular filtration rate (GFR), measured from serum creatinine, is associated with increased risk of cardiovascular disease and death. Studies have shown that creatinine clearance predicts stroke and cardiovascular mortality.